If this is in regards to accessing what you've already built in your world, No; specifically because the world instance your friend is running is an entirely different world than what you are playing on in your own world, even if you are both using the same world seed.

Now, if you are instead referring to your crafting recipes, those are player specific and you would indeed retain the ability to make them, provided you have the appropriate resources on hand within that world, either by having them already collected by your friend, or even in your characters inventory when you transition form your world to theirs. anything you are actively carrying on you when you log out, can be brought into a new world without issue, and can potentially jump start a new settlement if desired.

Not sure about what you're trying to ask, as you clearly make/save worlds and characters separately..

You first have a character list, with all your made characters.
Then after picking one you come to the world list..
Where you can enter any of your worlds starting it in singleplayer/multiplayer style,
or just switch tab and look for/join others worlds.

You can even move anything you can carry between worlds because of this.



Anyways, if none of this helped with what you were wondering, please try explain what it is you're asking for again. =)