All the silver I found was very high up, at or above the obsidian line. Golems are found near ruined buildings and silver veins so if you find a Golem and don't see a building there should be a silver vein (or 2 or 3) near by and usually the mountain needs to be rather large to have silver veins. Onion seeds are found in chests inside the abandoned buildings. In my first play through it took 6 abandoned buildings (on 3 different mountains) before I found onion seeds.

It takes 4 silver, 6 wolf pelts, AND a wolf trophy (which may be the hardest thing to come by) to craft a wolf fur cape (and a level 2 workbench). You'll still need frost meads to recover your gear if you die in the mountains.

For your specific situation. If you have an iron buckler you can block a wolf effectively. Wolves are fast, you can't out run them but they can't climb so you can get to a high point that they can't reach and use a bow. Wolves also attack fast. You need to block, swing once, and be prepared to block again, repeat until the wolf is dead.

Some times a mob will despawn after 3 game days. You can try that and if the wolf is still there after 3 days then try the long distance run and collect a few following graylings/graydwarves to distract the wolf while you head straight for your corpse.

Or you could get a friend that plays to come give you a rescue.

To solve the low stamina issue, take your pick along and when your stamina bar is at half hit the mountain with your pick to make a flat spot you can rest on.