Since there were wolves with stars it sounds like you went out at night which is of course a risk.

For the rest it seems you just got super unlucky, double golem spawn (I know you can clear them but they respawn constantly), a blizzard and a raid, I guess? Or how did you get goblins already if you were fighting the mountain boss? And how does the troll fit in there?

Building another ship and going to retrieve your gear with older iron gear and a frost potion is not an option? If nothing helps, you can also always open the devcommands console and fly to your grave...