Valheim teaches us many lessons, but we learn many of them the hard way.

Quite often I've found that it is a failure to prepare properly that leads to a sticky situation or avoidable death.

Bring portal materials, or materials for a raft/karve/longboat with you when you travel to new places by boat. Be wary about setting that new spawn point, you'll either have to recover at another base and travel back if you die, or could end up in the situation you were in. As long as you're prepared for those situations you'll be able to recover easily.

Did you sail around the entire island before setting foot on it? If you had then maybe you would have known it was probably all Black Forest, and lacked the materials you mentioned.

There are so many things in this game that can be difficult to deal with, but most of the time it's due to our decisions. This game tends not to hold our hands, it lets us make mistakes and it's part of the reason I like it so much. You made mistakes, and learned.

GunsForBucks solution will work. So will world hopping.

Good luck, and I hope you're better prepared next time.